.rs
.\" Troff code generated by TPS Convert from ITU Original Files
.\"                 Not Copyright ( c) 1991 
.\"
.\" Assumes tbl, eqn, MS macros, and lots of luck.
.TA 1c 2c 3c 4c 5c 6c 7c 8c
.ds CH
.ds CF
.EQ
delim @@
.EN
.nr LL 40.5P
.nr ll 40.5P
.nr HM 3P
.nr FM 6P
.nr PO 4P
.nr PD 9p
.po 4P

.rs
\v | 5i'
.LP
\fBMONTAGE: FIN DE LA RECOMMANDATION Q.8 EN\(hyT\* | TE DE CETTE PAGE\fR 
.sp 2P
.LP
\v'34P'
\fBRecommendation\ Q.9\fR 
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBVOCABULARY\ OF\ SWITCHING\ AND\ SIGNALLING\ TERMS\fR 
.EF '%	Fascicle\ VI.1\ \(em\ Rec.\ Q.9''
.OF '''Fascicle\ VI.1\ \(em\ Rec.\ Q.9	%'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva, 1980; modified at Malaga\(hyTorremolinos,\fR \fI1984; Melbourne 
1988)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
\fB1\fR 
This Recommendation provides a vocabulary of terms and
definitions which have been studied for application in documentation on
switching and signalling. The possible evolution toward integrated digital
networks and integrated services digital networks has been taken into account.
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
\fB2\fR 
The terms are grouped in sections and within each section
terms belonging to the same area of concepts are assembled. While such 
grouping in logical order may ease overview, it was not established according 
to firm 
principles and arbitrary placing of certain terms was accepted.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
\fB3\fR 
Part of the terms and definitions in this Recommendation also are
contained in specialized glossaries which are attached to certain
Recommendations of the\ G, Q and Z\ Series. Care has been taken then that
identical texts appear in both the Recommendation and the glossary.
.bp
.sp 9p
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
CONTENTS
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.sp 2P
.LP
0\ \(em
	General terms (basic terms and terms common to
several of the areas covered by the following
sections)
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
1\ \(em
	Switching functions and techniques
.LP
2\ \(em
	Signalling functions and techniques
.LP
3\ \(em
	Control functions
.LP
4\ \(em
	Interfaces and interface functions (machine\(hymachine)
.LP
5\ \(em
	Equipment and hardware
.LP
6\ \(em
	Executive software
.LP
7\ \(em
	Functions for basic and supplementary services
.LP
8\ \(em
	Mobile station networks
.LP
9\ \(em
	Telephone subscriber's equipment and local
lines
.LP
\fIAnnex\ A\fR \ \(em\ Alphabetical list of terms defined in this
Recommendation.
.PP
According to the conventions applied in the lists, indications in round 
brackets are qualifiers or alternative terms in general use in addition 
to the principal term. 
.LP
	Examples:\ \fBcall\fR (in software)
.LP
	Examples:\ 
\fBexchange (switching exchange, switching centre)\fR 
.PP
Terms in square brackets are deprecated.
.PP
The indication \fI(USA)\fR  | after a term in English means that the term 
is used in the United States, and is different from that current in the 
United 
Kingdom. The indication \fI(UK)\fR  | means the reverse.
.PP
A number (1) or (2) after a term indicates that more than one
definition is given (when the term acquires another meaning depending on the
context).
.PP
Cross\(hyreferences to the sources in \(sc\(sc\ 1 to\ 9 are given, where of
interest, at the right\(hyhand side of the line following the end of a
definition.
.PP
Sources quoted are ISO, Recommendation\ G.701\ [1] and
Recommendation\ I.112\ [7], \fIList of Essential Telecommunication Terms\fR 
\ [2], the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV), Recommendations\ 
E.100 
and\ E.600\ [3]. The name of ISO and Recommendations are mentioned along 
with a number; the terms derived from the \*QList of Essential Telecommunications 
Terms\*U give only a four digit number. The four digit number from E\ Recommendations\ 
[3] is preceded by the designation \*QStudy Group\ II\*U. Numbers beginning 
with\ 714 
refer to Chapter\ 714 (Switching), those with 716 to Chapter\ 716 (ISDN)
of\ IEV.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB0\fR 	\fBGeneral terms\fR 
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
General terms and definitions as shown in \(sc\ 0
have in many cases not been elaborated by Study Group\ XI. However,
they need to be used in certain definitions for which the Study Group is
responsible.
A cross\(hyreference to the source is given wherever possible. If no
cross\(hyreference
is given, the term is quoted with the provisional meaning that Study Group\ 
XI adopted for it. Such definitions will be substituted by the definition 
of the competent body when available. It should be noted that the terms 
concerned will not necessarily be classified by the responsible body as 
\*Qgeneral\*U in the 
sense applied to \(sc\ 0.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0001
	\fBcommunication\fR (1)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ communication\fR  | (1)
.LP
	\fIS:\ comunicaci\*'on\fR  | (1)
.PP
Information transfer according to agreed conventions.
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ In the context of the present vocabulary, the ordinary
dictionary meaning of the term is appropriate and sufficient.
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The French term \*Qcommunication\*U and the Spanish term
\*Qcomunicaci\*'on\*U have the current meaning given in this definition, 
but they 
also acquire a more specific meaning in telecommunication (see 0009, 0010
and\ 0011).
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0002
	\fBtelecommunication\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ t\*'el\*'ecommunication\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ telecomunicaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
Any process that enables a correspondent to pass to one or more
given correspondents (telegraphy or telephony), or possible correspondents
(broadcasting), information of any nature delivered in any usable form 
(written or printed matter, fixed or moving pictures, words, music, visible 
or audible signals, signals controlling the functioning of mechanisms,\ 
etc.) by means of any electromagnetic system (electrical transmission by 
wire, radio 
transmission, optical transmission, etc., or a combination of such
systems).
.RT
.ad r
\fB01.01\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0003
	\fBnetwork, telecommunication network\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'eseau, r\*'eseau de t\*'el\*'ecommunications\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ red, red de telecomunicaciones\fR 
.PP
A set of nodes and links that provides connections between two or more 
defined points to accommodate telecommunication between them. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0004
	\fBintegrated digital network\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'eseau num\*'erique int\*'egr\*'e\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ red digital integrada\fR 
.PP
A network in which connections established by digital switching
are used for the transmission of digital signals.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0005
	\fBintegrated digital network, digital network\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'eseau num\*'erique int\*'egr\*'e, r\*'eseau num\*'erique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ red digital integrada, red digital\fR 
.PP
A combination of digital switching nodes and digital links that
uses integrated digital transmission, digital switching and common channel
signalling to provide digital connections between two or more points to
facilitate telecommunication and possibly other functions.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0007
	\fBchannel; transmission channel\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ voie; voie de transmission\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ canal; canal de transmisi\*'on\fR 
.PP
A means of unidirectional communication.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Several channels may share a common path as in frequency
division and time division systems; in these cases, each channel is allotted 
a particular frequency band or a particular time slot which is reserved 
for\ it.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0008
	\fBaccess channel\fR [channel]
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ voie d'acc\*`es [voie]\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ canal de acceso [canal]\fR 
.PP
A designated part of the information transfer capability, having specified 
characteristics, provided at the user\(hynetwork interface. 
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ The term \*Qtransmission channel\*U is well understood 
to imply uni\(hydirectional working only, and then is commonly abbreviated 
to \*Qchannel\*U. To avoid confusion with this usage, the term \*Qaccess 
channel\*U, which encompasses bi\(hydirectional working through the user\(hynetwork 
interface, must not be 
abbreviated to \*Qchannel\*U.
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The term \*Qaccess channel\*U may be qualified, for 
example, by H, B, or D in which case it is appropriate to abbreviate the 
term to 
\*QH\(hychannel\*U, \*QB\(hychannel\*U or \*QD\(hychannel\*U.
.RT
.LP
\fB716.0402\fR .bp
.ad r
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0009
	\fBcall\fR (1)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ appel\fR  | 1)
.LP
	\fIS:\ llamada\fR  | 1)
.PP
In an automatic system, the action performed by a calling party in order 
to obtain communication with the wanted terminal equipment and by 
extension, the operations controlled by the action performed.
.RT
.LP
	\fBcall\fR (2)
.LP
	\fIF:\ communication\fR  | 2)
.LP
	\fIS:\ comunicaci\*'on\fR  | 2)
.PP
The use, or the possible use, of a complete connection set up
between a calling party and the called party or service (see Note\ 2
of\ 0001).
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0010
	\fB(complete) connection in telecommunication\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ cha\* | ne de connexion compl\*`ete, (chemin de)\fR 
\fIcommunication\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on completa; cadena de conexi\*'on completa\fR 
\fI(en telecomunicaciones)\fR 
.PP
An association of transmission channels or circuits, switching and other 
functional units set up to provide means for a transfer of information 
between terminals in a telecommunication network.
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ A connection is the result of a switching operation.
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ A connection which allows an end\(hyto\(hyend communication, 
e.g.\ a conversation, may be called a \*Qcomplete connection\*U.
.PP
\fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ The connection makes a communication possible but 
is not a communication. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0011
	\fBconnection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ cha\* | ne de connexion\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on; cadena de conexi\*'on\fR 
.PP
An association of transmission channels or circuits, switching and other 
functional units set up to provide a means for a transfer of information 
between two or more points in a telecommunication network. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0012
	\fBcall attempt\fR (1) (of a user)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ (tentative d')appel\fR (d'un usager) (1)
.LP
	\fIS:\ tentativa de llamada\fR (de un usuario) (1)
.PP
The sequence of operations made by a user of a telecommunication network 
to obtain another party or a service. 
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Several call attempts may be required to establish a
call.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0013
	\fBcircuit, telecommunication circuit\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ circuit, circuit de t\*'el\*'ecommunications\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ circuito, circuito de telecomunicaciones\fR 
.PP
A combination of two transmission channels permitting
bidirectional telecommunication between two points, to support a single call.
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ If the telecommunication is by nature unilateral, for
example: long distance television transmission, the term \*Qcircuit\*U 
is sometimes used to designate the single channel providing the facility. 
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ In telephony, use of the term \*Qcircuit\*U is generally
limited to a telecommunication circuit with associated terminating equipment
directly connecting two switching devices or exchanges.
.PP
\fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ A telecommunication circuit does not necessarily permit
simultaneous transmission in both directions.
.PP
\fINote\ 4\fR \ \(em\ The \*Qgo\*U and \*Qreturn\*U channels may be permanently
associated together or may be selected from separate sets for association
together throughout a call.
.PP
\fINote\ 5\fR \ \(em\ The term circuit may be preceded by other qualifiers 
than telecommunication, e.g., telephone, digital,\ etc. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0015
	\fBtelephone circuit\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ circuit t\*'el\*'ephonique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ circuito telef\*'onico\fR 
.PP
A permanent electrical connection permitting the establishment of a telephone 
communication in both directions between two telephone 
exchanges.
.RT
.ad r
\fB02.06\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0016
	\fBhypothetical reference circuit (nominal maximum circuit)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ circuit fictif de r\*'ef\*'erence\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ circuito ficticio de referencia (circuito m\*'aximo nominal)\fR 
.PP
A hypothetical circuit having a defined length and a defined
amount of terminal and intermediate equipment, these quantities being
reasonably large but not extreme. Such a conception is of value in the 
study of certain characteristics (noise, for example) of long\(hydistance 
circuits. 
.RT
.ad r
\fB02.08\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0017
	\fBvirtual circuit\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ circuit virtuel\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ circuito virtual\fR 
.PP
A capability in the network between two users that is available to them 
for exchanging packets of data. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0018
	\fBpermanent virtual circuit\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ circuit virtuel permanent\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ circuito virtual permanente\fR 
.PP
A capability in the network between two users that is continuously available 
to them for exchanging packets of data. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0019
	\fB(electric) circuit\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ circuit (\*'electrique)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ circuito (el\*'ectrico)\fR 
.PP
A region of electrical action where such action takes place
essentially along a path and can be uniquely specified in terms of time 
and a single dimension. 
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ In contradistinction, an \*Qelectric field\*U implies action
which can only be specified uniquely in terms of time and two or three
dimensions.
.RT
.ad r
\fB02.01 | )\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0020
	\fB. |  |  circuit\fR (specific function)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ circuit de . |  | \fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ circuito de . |  | \fR 
.PP
Part of an installation forming (or able to form part of) an
electric circuit traversed by a current having a definite function, specified 
in each case, (example: calling, speaking, feeding, etc.). 
.RT
.ad r
\fB02.01 | )\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0022
	\fBcircuit group\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ faisceau de circuits\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ haz de circuitos\fR 
.PP
A group of circuits which are traffic\(hyengineered as a unit.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0023
	\fBcircuit sub\(hygroup\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ sous\(hyfaisceau de circuits\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ subhaz de circuitos\fR 
.PP
A number of circuits with similar characteristics (e.g. type of
signalling, type of transmission path, etc.).
.PP
It is not engineered as a unit, but as a part of a circuit group.
Circuit sub\(hygroups are provided for reasons of service, protection, 
equipment limitation, maintenance, etc. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0026
	\fBpath, telecommunication path\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ itin\*'eraire, itin\*'eraire de t\*'el\*'ecommunications\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ trayecto, trayecto de telecomunicaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
The continuous course taken by a transmission signal between two   points.
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ This may be a physical transmission medium, a frequency
band in a frequency multiplex, a time slot in a time division multiplex, etc.
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The path includes the transmission media and the 
means used for connecting them together. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0031
	\fBlink\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ liaison\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ enlace\fR 
.PP
A telecommunication path with specified characteristics between
two points.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The nature of the specified characteristics may be added 
in the form of a qualifier, e.g.,\ digital link, co\(hyaxial link, radio 
link.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0040
	\fBsignal\fR (general sense)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal\fR  | (sens g\*'en\*'eral)
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al\fR  | (sentido general)
.PP
Aggregate of waves propaged along a transmission channel and
intended to act on a receiving unit.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ \*QGeneral sense\*U applies only to the area of
telecommunications. The ordinary dictionary sense is still wider, viz: \*QA
preconcerted or intelligible sign conveying information or direction at a
distance, a physical phenomenon or characteristic quantity of such a phenomenon 
whose time variations represent information, etc.\*U 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0041
	\fBsignal\fR (in signalling applications)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal\fR  | (applications concernant la signalisation)
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al\fR  | (en aplicaciones de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on)
.PP
A transferable element of information relating to a particular
circuit, a particular transaction or to the network management.
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ A signal as defined above may be generated by a change 
of state. 
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ A qualification may precede the term, e.g. \*Qanswer 
signal\*U. The qualification represents the name of the signal and generally 
refers to the kind of information the signal conveys or its main function. 
A great many of 
such qualifications are defined in standard signalling system's
specifications.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0042
	\fBforward signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal en avant\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al hacia adelante\fR 
.PP
A signal, used for the establishment, release or other control of a connection 
sent in the same direction as call set\(hyup. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0046
	\fBbackward signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal en arri\*`ere\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al hacia atr\*'as\fR 
.PP
A signal, used for the establishment, release or other control of a connection, 
sent in the opposite direction to call set\(hyup. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0050
	\fBsubscriber's line\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ ligne d'abonn\*'e\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ l\*'inea de abonado\fR 
.PP
The telephone line connecting the subscriber's equipment to the
exchange.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0060
	\fBprocess\fR (in a data processing system)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ processus\fR  | (dans un traitement de l'information)
.LP
	\fIS:\ proceso\fR  | (en un sistema de procesamiento de datos)
.PP
A course of events occurring according to an intended purpose or   effect.
.RT
.ad r
\fB(10.01.03 in ISO/TC97/SC1/515, Nov. 1975)\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0063
	\fBbidirectional\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ bidirectionnel\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ bidireccional\fR 
.PP
A qualification which implies that the transmission of information occurs 
in both directions. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0064
	\fBunidirectional\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ unidirectionnel\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ unidireccional\fR 
.PP
A qualification which implies that the transmission of information always 
occurs in one direction. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0066
	\fBspace division\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'epartition dans l'espace, r\*'epartition spatiale\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ divisi\*'on en el espacio; divisi\*'on espacial\fR 
.PP
The separation in the space domain of a plurality of transmission channels 
between two points. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0067
	\fBtime division\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'epartition dans le temps, r\*'epartition temporelle\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ divisi\*'on en el tiempo; divisi\*'on temporal\fR 
.PP
The separation in the time domain of a plurality of transmission channels 
between two points. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0068
	\fBfrequency division\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'epartition en fr\*'equence, r\*'epartition fr\*'equentielle\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ divisi\*'on de frecuencia\fR 
.PP
The separation in the frequency domain of a plurality of
transmission channels between two points.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0069
	\fBcode division\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'epartition en code\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ divisi\*'on por c\*'odigo\fR 
.PP
The separation of a plurality of transmission channels by using
specific values of codes belonging to the same set.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0075
	\fBflag\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ fanion\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ bandera\fR 
.PP
The unique pattern on the signalling data link used to delimit a   signal unit.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0080
	\fBpacket switched data transmission service\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ service de transmission de donn\*'ees \*`a commutation\fR 
\fIpar paquets\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ servicio de transmissi\*'on de datos con conmutaci\*'on\fR 
\fIde paquetes\fR 
.PP
A service involving the transmission and, if necessary, the
assembly and disassembly of data in the form of packets.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0081
	\fBuser packet\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ paquet d'usager\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ paquete de usuario\fR 
.PP
A data packet exchanged between users.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0083
	\fBpacket switching\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ commutation par paquets\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conmutaci\*'on de paquetes\fR 
.PP
The function of handling, routing, supervising and controlling
user packet data, as required, by an exchange.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0085
	\fBpacket handling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ traitement des paquets\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ manejo (tratamiento) de paquetes\fR 
.PP
The function of receiving and transmitting user packets between a user 
and a packet switching function. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0086
	\fBpacket mode operation\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ fonctionnement en mode paquet\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ funcionamiento (operaci\*'on) en modo paquete\fR 
.PP
The transmission of data by means of addressed packets whereby a transmission 
channel is occupied for the duration of the transmission of the 
packet only. The channel is then available for use by packets being
transferred between different data terminal equipments.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0087
	\fBpacket mode operation\fR (in switching applications)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ fonctionnement en mode paquet\fR  | (dans les applications
de commutation)
.LP
	 \fIS:\ funcionamiento (operaci\*'on) en modo paquete\fR  | (en aplicaciones 
de conmutaci\*'on) 
.PP
The function of handling user packets is an exchange.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0105
	\fBfunctional unit\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ unit\*'e fonctionnelle\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ unidad funcional\fR 
.PP
An entity of hardware or software, or both, capable of
accomplishing a special purpose.
.RT
.LP
\fBISO 10.01.01\fR .bp
.ad r
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0108
	\fBtraffic\(hycarrying device\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ organe de trafic\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ dispositivo de curso de tr\*'afico\fR 
.PP
Functional unit used directly or indirectly during the
establishment and sustaining of a connection.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0112
	\fB(network) resource(s)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ ressource(s) (du r\*'eseau)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ recurso(s) (de la red); \*'organo de la red\fR 
.PP
Means of supplying a want or a stock that can be drawn on. In
context with the telecommunication network, in particular switching devices,
circuit groups, echo and loss control devices, devices for sending
recorded announcements, traffic service positions, network integrated data
banks, etc.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0115
	\fBsoftware\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ logiciel\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ soporte l\*'ogico (software)\fR 
.PP
Computer programs, procedures, rules and any associated
documentation concerned with the operation of a system.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0120
	\fBprocessor\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ processeur\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ procesador\fR 
.PP
A device capable of performing systematic execution of operations upon 
data. In telecommunication applications, the operations include control 
of the resources required to provide services. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0124
	\fBoperation and maintenance centre processor\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ processeur de centre d'exploitation et de maintenance\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ procesador de centro de operaci\*'on y mantenimiento\fR 
.PP
A centralized \fIprocessor\fR for operation and maintenance purposes which 
serves one or more switching centres. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0150
	\fBroute\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ route\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ ruta\fR \v'3p'
.LP
	a)
	the means of transmission (paths, links via wire, cable,
radio) used or to be used for the set\(hyup of permanent or
switched connections between two locations;
.LP
	b)
	the way within a network followed or to be followed for the
transmission of a message or the set\(hyup of a call between two
locations.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Two or more routes may be used in tandem. The whole 
way between the end points then again is called route. 
.sp 1P
.LP
0151
	\fBrouting\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ acheminement\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ encaminamiento\fR \v'3p'
.LP
	a)
	the process of determining and using, in accordance with a
set of rules, the route for the transmission of a message or the
set\(hyup of a call. The process ends when the message or the call
has reached the destination location;
.LP
	b)
	a qualification implying the above process, e.g.:
.LP
	\(em
	call routing;
.LP
	\(em
	message routing;
.LP
	\(em
	traffic routing.
.bp
.sp 1P
.LP
0205
	\fBseizure\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ prise\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ toma\fR 
.PP
A successful bid.
.PP
With \*Qbid\*U: a single attempt to obtain the service of a
resource.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0208
	\fBbusy\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ occupation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ ocupado\fR 
.PP
Condition of a resource which is in use, following its
seizure for the time until it is released.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0209
	\fBengaged test\fR (UK)\fB; busy test\fR (USA)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ test d'occupation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ prueba de ocupaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
An engaged test is a test made to find out whether or not certain facilities 
which may be desired, such as a subscriber's line or trunk, are 
available for use.
.RT
.ad r
\fB17.66\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
	\fBbusy test\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ test d'occupation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ prueba de ocupaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A procedure for determining whether a traffic carrying device is free and 
available for use. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0212
	\fBrelease\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ liberation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ liberaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
The sequence of events which brings about the end of a busy
state.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0215
	\fBone\(hyway\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ \*`a sens unique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ en un solo sentido\fR 
.PP
A qualification applying to traffic which implies that call
set\(hyups always occur in one direction.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0216
	\fBboth\(hyway\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ \*`a double sens\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ en ambos sentidos\fR 
.PP
A qualification applying to traffic which implies that call
set\(hyups occur in both directions.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The amount of traffic flowing in the two directions is not
necessarily equal either in the short term or in the long term.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0221
	\fBrandom errors\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ erreurs al\*'eatoires\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ errores aleatorios\fR 
.PP
Errors distributed over the digital signal so that they can be
considered statistically independent from each other.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0222
	\fBerror burst\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ paquet d'erreurs\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ r\*'afaga de errores\fR 
.PP
A group of bits in which two successive erroneous bits are always separated 
by less than a given number (\fIx\fR ) of correct bits. The number \fIx\fR 
should be specified when describing an error burst.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The last erroneous bit in a burst and the first erroneous 
bit in the following burst are accordingly separated by \fIx\fR correct 
bits or 
more.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0225
	\fBbit error ratio\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ taux d'erreur sur les bits\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ tasa de errores en los bits; tasa de error en los bits\fR 
.PP
The ratio of the number of digital errors received in a specified period 
to the total number of digits received in the same period. 
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ Numerical values of error ratio should be expressed 
in the form 
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fIn\fR  | (mu | 0\uD\dlF261\fI\fI
\u\fIp\fR\d
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.sp 1
where \fIp\fR is a positive integer.
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ Error ratio may be qualified, for example by the 
term \*Qbit\*U or \*Qblock\*U. 
.sp 1P
.LP
0226
	\fBcyclic redundancy check (or procedure)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ contr\* | le (ou procedure) de redondance cyclique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ verificaci\*'on por redundancia c\*'iclica (procedimiento de)\fR 
.PP
The monitoring of a digital bit stream to detect deviations from the expected 
bit patterns. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0230
	\fBdelay distortion\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ distorsion de temps de propagation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ distorsi\*'on por retardo\fR 
.PP
Deviation in delay from a reference or an expected value for
signals of various frequencies.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0231
	\fBgroup delay\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ temps de propagation de groupe\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ retardo de grupo\fR 
.PP
The time of propagation between two points of a certain point (for example 
the crest) of the envalope of a wave. 
.PP
For a given frequency it is equal to the first derivative of the phase 
shift measured in radians, between these points, with reference to the 
angular frequency measured in radians per second. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0232
	\fBcrosstalk\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ diaphonie\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ diafon\*'ia\fR 
.PP
Electrical interference between non\(hyconnected components.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0301
	\fBfirst\(hyorder digital transmission hierarchy\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ hi\*'erarchie de transmission num\*'erique du premier ordre\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ jerarqu\*'ia de transmisi\*'on digital de primera orden\fR 
.PP
Digital signals multiplexed to the 1544 or 2048 kbit/s level
(Primary level) for digital transmission.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0302
	\fBsecond\(hyorder digital transmission hierarchy\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ hi\*'erarchie de transmission num\*'erique du deuxi\*`eme ordre\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ jerarqu\*'ia de transmisi\*'on digital de segundo orden\fR 
.PP
Digital signals multiplexed to the 6312 or 8448 kbit/s level for digital 
transmission. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0311
	\fBfirst\(hyorder multiplexes\fR (Suggest that term should be,\fR 
\*QFirst\(hyorder multiplexed signals\*U)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ multiplex du premier ordre\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ m\*'ultiplex de primer orden\fR 
.PP
Digital signals that have been multiplexed into 1544 or 2048
kbit/s bit streams.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0312
	\fBsecond\(hyorder multiplexes\fR (Same comment as above)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ multiplex du deuxi\*`eme ordre\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ m\*'ultiplex de segundo orden\fR 
.PP
Digital signals that have been multiplexed into 6312 or 8448
kbit/s bit streams.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
0400
	\fBpilot\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ onde pilote\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ piloto\fR 
.PP
Sinusoidal signal transmitted over analogue FDM links for
regulation and supervision purposes.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB1\fR 	\fBSwitching functions and techniques\fR 
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1001
	\fBexchange (switching exchange, switching centre)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ centre \(em central (centre ou central de commutation)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ central (central de conmutaci\*'on, centro de conmutaci\*'on)\fR 
.PP
An aggregate of traffic carrying devices, switching stages,
controlling and signalling means at a network node that enables subscriber
lines and/or other telecommunication circuits to be interconnected as required 
by individual users. (See Figure\ 1/Q.9.) 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1002
	\fBlocal exchange\fR [local central office]
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ central urbain\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ central local\fR 
.PP
An exchange in which subscribers' lines terminate. (See
Figure\ 1/Q.9.)
.RT
.ad r
\fB15.02\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1003
	\fBtransit exchange\fR [tandem exchange, tandem central
office, tandem office]
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ centre de transit\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ central de tr\*'ansito\fR 
.PP
An exchange used primarily as a switching point for traffic
between other exchanges. (See Figure\ 1/Q.9.)
.RT
.ad r
\fB15.04\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1004
	\fBcombined local/transit exchange\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ centre mixte urbain et de transit\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ central combinada local/de tr\*'ansito\fR 
.PP
An exchange in which subscribers' lines terminate that also is
used as a switching point for traffic between other exchanges. (See
Figure\ 1/Q.9.)
.bp
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 35P
.ad r
\fBFigure 1/Q.9, p.\fR 
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1005
	\fBinternational exchange\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ centre international\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ central internacional\fR 
.PP
A transit exchange where international circuits and, in general, national 
circuits terminate. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1007
	\fBgeographically distributed exchange\fR [geographically
dispersed exchange]
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ centre g\*'eographiquement dispers\*'e\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ central geogr\*'aficamente distribuida\fR 
.PP
An exchange where not all sub\(hysystems such as switching stages and control 
means are at the same location. (See Figure\ 1/Q.9.) 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1008
	\fBremotely controlled exchange\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ centre t\*'el\*'ecommand\*'e\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ central controlada a distancia; central telecontrolada\fR 
.PP
An exchange whose switching functions are wholly or partially
controlled by a control unit or a processor in another location. (See
Figure\ 1/Q.9.)
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1010
	\fBdigital exchange\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ centre num\*'erique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ central digital\fR 
.PP
An exchange that switches information in digital form through its switching 
devices. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1011
	\fBintegrated services exchange\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ central avec int\*'egration des services\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ central de servicios integrados\fR 
.PP
An exchange arranged to handle multiple services such as telephone and 
data using all or part of the switching, signalling and control devices 
in common. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1013
	\fBsatellite exchange\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ centre satellite\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ central sat\*'elite\fR 
.PP
A local exchange on a low level of the network hierarchy which is associated 
to another exchange and with no route switching functions except 
those towards the associated higher level local exchange. A satellite exchange 
has normally the capability to connect locally subscribers' lines terminating 
in it. (See Figure\ 1/Q.9.) 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1015
	\fBswitching stage\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ \*'etage de commutation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ etapa de conmutaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
An aggregate of switching devices constituting a subset of the
switching network in an exchange and designed to operate as a single unit 
from a traffic handling point of view. (See Figure\ 1/Q.9.) 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1016
	\fBremote switching stage\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ \*'etage de commutation distant\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ etapa de conmutaci\*'on distante\fR 
.PP
A switching stage associated with and controlled by an exchange in a different 
location. (See Figure\ 1/Q.9.) 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1018
	\fBexchange concentrator\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ concentrateur de central\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ concentrador de central\fR 
.PP
A switching stage wherein a number of subscriber lines or
inter\(hyexchange circuits carrying relatively low traffic volumes can be
through\(hyconnected to a few number of circuits carrying higher traffic
volumes. (See Figure\ 1/Q.9.)
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1019
	\fBco\(hylocated exchange concentrator\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ concentrateur de central local\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ concentrador de central local\fR 
.PP
A concentrator in the same location as the exchange that controls it and 
to which its higher traffic volume circuits are connected. (See 
Figure\ 1/Q.9.)
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1020
	\fBremote exchange concentrator\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ concentrateur de central distant\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ concentrador de central distante\fR 
.PP
A concentrator located remotely from the exchange that controls it and 
to which its higher traffic volume circuits are connected. The switching 
stages comprised normally have no capability to directly interconnect
subscriber lines terminating in that concentrator. (See Figure\ 1/Q.9.)
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1025
	\fBline concentrator (stand\(hyalone concentrator)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ concentrateur de lignes (concentrateur autonome)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ concentrador de l\*'ineas (concentrador aut\*'onomo)\fR 
.PP
A switching device which concentrates traffic from a number of
circuits or subscribers' lines onto a smaller number of circuits to a parent
local exchange, where a similar switching device deconcentrates the traffic 
to the original number of lines. In the case of subscribers' lines, the 
correspondence of the lines before concentration and after deconcentration 
must be maintained. The system is both\(hyway working, i.e.,\ traffic from 
the exchange is concentrated onto the same circuits and deconcentrated 
to the subscribers 
as well. (See Figure\ 1/Q.9.)
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1030
	\fBsemi\(hyautomatic system\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ syst\*`eme semi\(hyautomatique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ sistema semiautom\*'atico\fR 
.PP
A system in which the calling subscriber's order is given to an
operator who completes the call through automatic switches.
.RT
.ad r
\fB16.19\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1031
	\fBautomatic system\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ syst\*`eme automatique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ sistema autom\*'atico\fR 
.PP
A system in which the \fIswitching\fR operations are performed by
electrically controlled devices without the intervention of operators.
.RT
.ad r
\fB16.20\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1105
	\fBinlet\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ acc\*`es d'arriv\*'ee\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ entrada (en conmutaci\*'on); acceso de entrada\fR 
.PP
Point through which the incoming traffic flow enters a switching   stage.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1106
	\fBoutlet\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ acc\*`es de d\*'epart\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ salida (en conmutaci\*'on); acceso de salida\fR 
.PP
Point through which the outgoing traffic flow leaves a switching stage, 
or device. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1110
	\fBswitching\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ commutation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conmutaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
(1)
The establishing, on demand, of an individual connection
from a desired inlet to a desired outlet within a set of inlets and
outlets for as long as is required for the transfer of information.
.PP
(2)
A qualification implying the action as defined
above,\ e.g.:
.RT
.LP
	switching\ centre
	switching network
.LP
	switching\ delay
	switching node
.LP
	switching\ device
	switching point
.LP
	switching\ equipment
	switching system
.LP
	switching\ exchange
	switching unit
.LP
	switching\ matrix
.bp
.sp 1P
.LP
1111
	\fBswitching node\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ noeud de commutation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ nodo de conmutaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
An interstitial point in a telecommunication network where
temporary interconnection of inlets and outlets may be undertaken as
required.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1112
	\fBswitching network\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'eseau de commutation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ red de conmutaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
The switching stages of a telecommunication exchange taken
collectively.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1113
	\fBswitching matrix\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ matrice de commutation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ matriz de conmutaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
An array of crosspoints in a space division exchange which, from a traffic 
point of view, operates as a switch. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1115
	\fBselection stage\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ \*'etage de s\*'election\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ etapa de selecci\*'on\fR 
.PP
An aggregate of switches enabling an inlet to access one of a
plurality of outlets and designed to operate as a single unit from a traffic
handling point of view.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1117
	\fBconcentration\fR (in a switching stage)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ concentration\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ concentraci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A configuration wherein the number of inlets into the switching
stage is larger than the number of outlets.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1118
	\fBexpansion\fR (in a switching stage)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ expansion\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ expansi\*'on\fR 
.PP
A configuration wherein the number of inlets into the switching
stage is smaller than the number of outlets.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1120
	\fBdigital switching\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ commutation num\*'erique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conmutaci\*'on digital\fR 
.PP
A process in which connections are established by operations on
digital signals without converting them to analogue signals.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1121
	\fBdigital node, digital switching node\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ point nodal num\*'erique, point nodal de commutation\fR 
\fInum\*'erique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ nodo digital, nodo de conmutaci\*'on digital\fR 
.PP
A point at which digital switching occurs.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1122
	\fBdigital circuit\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ circuit num\*'erique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ circuito digital\fR 
.PP
A circuit which transmits information signals in digital form
between two exchanges. It includes termination equipment but not switching
stages.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1123
	\fBdigital link\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ liaison num\*'erique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ enlace digital\fR 
.PP
A means of digital transmission between two points.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1125
	\fBcircuit switching\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ commutation de circuits\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conmutaci\*'on de circuitos\fR 
.PP
The switching together of circuits to form a connection which is used for 
the duration of a call. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1126
	\fBspace division switching\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ commutation par r\*'epartition dans l'espace (commutation spatiale)\fR 
.LP
	 \fIS:\ conmutaci\*'on por divisi\*'on en el espacio; conmutaci\*'on espacial\fR 
.PP
The switching of inlets to outlets using space division
techniques.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1127
	\fBtime division switching\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	 \fIF:\ commutation par r\*'epartition dans le temps (commutation temporelle)\fR 
.LP
	 \fIS:\ conmutaci\*'on por divisi\*'on en el tiempo; conmutaci\*'on temporal\fR 
.PP
The switching of inlets to outlets using time division
(multiplexing) techniques.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1128
	\fBfrequency division switching\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ commutation par r\*'epartition en fr\*'equence\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conmutaci\*'on por divisi\*'on de frecuencia\fR 
.PP
The switching of inlets to outlets using frequency division
(multiplexing) techniques.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1129
	\fBchannel switching\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ commutation de voies\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conmutaci\*'on de canales\fR 
.PP
The switching together of single channels to form a connection
which is used for the duration of a call.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1130
	\fBmessage switching; store\(hyand\(hyforward switching\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	 \fIF:\ commutation de messages; commutation avec enregistrement et\fR 
\fIretransmission\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conmutaci\*'on de mensajes; conmutaci\*'on con almacenamiento\fR 
\fIy reenv\*'io\fR 
.PP
The process of routing messages comprising, in certain nodes of
the network, a receiving, storing as necessary, and forwarding of messages
within a telecommunication network so as to minimize queue and idle times of
traffic carrying devices.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1132
	\fBintegrated digital transmission and switching\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ transmission et commutation num\*'eriques int\*'egr\*'ees\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ transmisi\*'on y conmutaci\*'on digitales integradas\fR 
.PP
The direct (digital) concatenation of digital transmission and
digital switching, that maintains a continuous digital telecommunication
path.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1134
	\fBexchange connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ connexion de commutateur\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on de central\fR 
.PP
A connection that is established through an exchange, between the terminations 
on that exchange, of two or more circuits or channels. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1135
	\fBdigital connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ connexion num\*'erique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on digital\fR 
.PP
An association of digital circuits, digital switches and other
functional units providing means for the transfer of digitally encoded
information signals between two terminal points.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1136
	\fBmultislot connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ connexion \*`a intervalles de temps multiples\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on multiintervalo\fR 
.PP
Time slots associated with two or more digital circuits switched in parallel 
through a digital exchange for use on the same call to provide a 
wideband service.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1137
	\fBtrombone (loop) connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ connexion en boucle\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on en bucle\fR 
.PP
The use for a single call of two circuits in tandem between a
remote switching stage and its controlling entity.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1138
	\fBsemi\(hypermanent connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ connexion semi\(hypermanente\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on semipermanente\fR 
.PP
A connection established part\(hytime and on a scheduled basis for
the use of one user. At other times the connection may be released and
available for use in handling traffic of the switched network.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1139
	\fBtransit connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ connexion de transit\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on de tr\*'ansito\fR 
.PP
An exchange connection for a call incoming from one interexchange circuit 
and outgoing on another. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1140
	\fBoriginating connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ connexion de d\*'epart\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on de origen\fR 
.PP
An exchange connection for a call originating on a subscriber line or access 
channel outgoing to an interexchange circuit. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1141
	\fBterminating connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ connexion d'arriv\*'ee\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on de destino; conexi\*'on de terminaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
An exchange connection for a call incoming from an interexchange circuit 
and terminating on a subscriber line or channel. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1142
	\fBinternal connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ connexion interne\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on interna\fR 
.PP
An exchange connection for a call between subscriber lines or
channels on the same exchange.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1143
	\fBthrough connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ transfert\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ transconexi\*'on\fR 
.PP
The processes performed by control and switching equipment in
order to establish an exchange connection.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1144
	\fBasymmetrical through connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ transfert asym\*'etrique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ transconexi\*'on asim\*'etrica\fR 
.PP
The through connection of only one direction of transmission on a potential 
both\(hyways through connection. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1145
	\fBsymmetrical through connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ transfert sym\*'etrique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ transconexi\*'on sim\*'etrica\fR 
.PP
The through connection of both directions of transmission
simultaneously.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1147
	\fBinput connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ connexion d'entr\*'ee\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on de entrada\fR 
.PP
An unidirectional path from an interface of a digital exchange to an exchange 
test point. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1148
	\fBoutput connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ connexion de sortie\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conexi\*'on de salida\fR 
.PP
An unidirectional path from an exchange test point to an interface of a 
digital exchange. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1149
	\fBhalf connection\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ demi\(hyconnexion\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ semiconexi\*'on\fR 
.PP
A bi\(hydirectional path comprised of an input connection and an
output connection, both having the same exchange interface.
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ These terms may be qualified by the words analogue or
digital, the qualification signifying the property of the exchange interface.
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ An analogue input (output) (half) connection may 
be further qualified by the words 2\(hywire or 4\(hywire. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1160
	\fBexchange termination (ET)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ terminaison de commutateur (TC)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ terminaci\*'on de central (TC)\fR 
.PP
The unit or function on the exchange side of the
switching/transmission interface. See Figure\ 2/Q.9.
.bp
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 47P
.ad r
\fBFigure 2/Q.9, p.\fR 
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.sp 1P
.LP
1161
	\fBline termination (LT)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ terminaison de ligne (TL)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ terminaci\*'on de l\*'inea (TL)\fR 
.PP
Group or functional block containing at least the transmit and
receive functions terminating one end of a digital transmission system. See
Figure\ 2/Q.9.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1163
	\fBinterface units\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ unit\*'es d'interface\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ unidades de interfaz\fR 
.PP
Units of an exchange on which lines and/or interexchange circuits are terminated, 
and which are involved in the processing of traffic to/from 
those lines and/or circuits.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1165
	\fBmediation device\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ dispositif de m\*'ediation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ dispositivo de mediaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A unit or function that is situated between a Network Element and an Operations 
System in the Telecommunications Management Network that 
translates the information flow between the two entities as required, provides 
multiplexing,\ etc. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1166
	\fBmuldex\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ muldex\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ m\*'uldex\fR 
.PP
A contraction of multiplexer\(hydemultiplexer. The term may be used when 
the multiplexer and demultiplexer are associated in the same equipment. 
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ When used to describe an equipment, the function of the
equipment should qualify the title, e.g.,\ PCM muldex, data muldex, digital
muldex.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1167
	\fBprimary muldex\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ muldex primaire\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ m\*'uldex primario\fR 
.PP
A digital multiplexer\(hydemultiplexer that converts signals between 64\ 
kbit/s and 1544 or 2048\ kbit/s bit streams. See Figure\ 2/Q.9. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1168
	\fBtertiary digital muldex\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ muldex num\*'erique tertiaire\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ m\*'uldex digital terciario\fR 
.PP
A digital multiplexer\(hydemultiplexer that converts signals between 64\ 
kbit/s and 34 | 68\ kbit/s bit streams. See Figure\ 2/Q.9. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1169
	\fBstatic multiplex\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ multiplex statique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ m\*'ultiplex est\*'atico\fR 
.PP
Digital bit streams between reference points into which lower bit rate 
channels have been combined, each into an assigned channel or slot. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1170
	\fBtwo\(hywire switching\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ commutation \*`a deux fils\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conmutaci\*'on a dos hilos\fR 
.PP
Switching using the same path, frequency band or time interval for both 
directions of transmission. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1171
	\fBfour\(hywire switching\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ commutation \*`a quatre fils\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conmutaci\*'on a cuatro hilos\fR 
.PP
Switching using a separate path, frequency band or time interval for each 
direction of transmission. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1176
	\fBreentrant trunking\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ jonction r\*'eentrante\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ enlace reentrante\fR 
.PP
The routing of a circuit from outlet to inlet in a switching stage in order 
to access equipment associated with special services such as 
operators, auxiliary equipment,\ etc.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Not to be confused with the action of mutual help where 
the purpose of re\(hyentering the call is to attempt to reduce the probability 
of 
switching congestion on a given call by allowing a new possibility of choice 
of path from the new inlet to a trunk in the desired route. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1178
	\fBmultiple\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ multiplage\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ m\*'ultiple\fR 
.PP
Interconnection of several inlets or outlets in a switching stage to the 
same traffic carrying device (e.g.,\ other switching stage or 
circuit).
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1205
	\fBcrossbar system\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ syst\*`eme automatique \*Qcrossbar\*U\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ sistema de barras cruzadas\fR 
.PP
An automatic switching system in which the selecting mechanisms
are \fIcrossbar switches\fR .
.RT
.ad r
\fB16.26\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1206
	\fBjunctor\fR (in the crossbar system)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ joncteur\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ conector\fR 
.PP
In crossbar systems, a junctor is a circuit extending between
frames
of a switching unit and terminating in a switching device on each frame.
.RT
.ad r
\fB15.68\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1207
	\fBlink\fR (in the crossbar system)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ maillon\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ enlace\fR 
.PP
A link is a circuit extending between the primary and secondary
selectors of a selection stage.
.RT
.ad r
\fB15.69\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1210
	\fBregister\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ enregistreur\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ registrador\fR 
.PP
The apparatus, in an automatic system, which receives the dialled impulses 
and controls the subsequent switching operations. 
.RT
.LP
\fB15.56\fR .bp
.ad r
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1212
	\fBtranslation\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ traduction\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ traducci\*'on\fR 
.PP
In automatic telephony: the retransmission of received trains of impulses 
after changing the number of impulses in each train and/or changing 
the number of trains.
.RT
.ad r
\fB15.58\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1213
	\fBtranslator\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ traducteur\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ traductor\fR 
.PP
In automatic telephony: a device used for the \fItranslation\fR of
trains of impulses.
.RT
.ad r
\fB15.57\fR 
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1305
	\fB(time division) highway\fR (in switching)\fB; bus\fR (USA)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ canal (\*`a multiplexage dans le temps)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ arteria; canal principal (por divisi\*'on en el tiempo)\fR 
(en conmutaci\*'on)
.PP
A common path within an apparatus or station over which signals
from a plurality of channels pass, separated by time division.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1310
	\fBcharacter signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal de caract\*`ere\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de car\*'acter\fR 
.PP
A set of signal elements representing a character, or in PCM
representing the quantized value of a sample.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ In PCM, the term \*QPCM word\*U may be used in this sense.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1314
	\fBquiet code\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ code silencieux\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ c\*'odigo de calma\fR 
.PP
A digital signal used for transmission test purposes.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1315
	\fBcross\(hyexchange check (cross\(hyoffice)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ v\*'erification du trajet dans le central\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ verificaci\*'on a trav\*'es de la central\fR 
.PP
A check made across the exchange to verify that a speech path
exists.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1319
	\fBin\(hycall rearrangement\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ remaniement des liaisons pendant la communication\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ reestructuraci\*'on en comunicaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
Reassignment of the switched path during the call.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1330
	\fBchannel gate\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ porte de voie\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ puerta de canal\fR 
.PP
A device for connecting a channel to a highway, or a highway to a channel, 
at specified times. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1331
	\fBprimary block; digroup\fR (USA)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ bloc primaire\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ bloque primario\fR 
.PP
A basic group of PCM channels assembled by time division
multiplexing.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The following conventions could be useful:
.RT
.LP
	Primary block\ \(*m\ \(em\ a basic group of PCM channels derived from
1544\ kbit/s PCM multiplex equipment.
.LP
	Primary block\ A\ \(em\ a basic group of PCM channels derived from
2048\ kbit/s PCM multiplex equipment.
.sp 1P
.LP
1332
	\fBframe\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ trame\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ trama\fR 
.PP
A set of consecutive digit time slots in which the position of
each digit time slot can be identified by reference to a frame alignment
signal.
.PP
The frame alignment signal does not necessarily occur, in whole or
in part, in each frame.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1333
	\fBmultiframe\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ multitrame\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ multitrama\fR 
.PP
A set of consecutive frames in which the position of each frame
can be identified by reference to a multiframe alignment signal.
.PP
The multiframe alignment signal does not necessarily occur, in
whole or in part, in each multiframe.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1334
	\fBsubframe\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ secteur de trame \(em sous\(hytrame\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ subtrama\fR 
.PP
A sequence of noncontiguous sets of digits assembled within a
frame, each set occurring at\ \fIn\fR times the frame repetition rate where\ 
\fIn\fR 
is an integer\ > | .
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1335
	\fBparallel to serial converter; serializer\fR (USA) [dynamicizer]
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ convertisseur parall\*`ele/s\*'erie\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ convertidor paralelo/serie\fR 
.PP
A device that converts a group of digits, all of which are
presented simultaneously, into a corresponding sequence of signal
elements.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1336
	\fBserial to parallel converter; deserializer\fR (USA) [staticizer]
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ convertisseur s\*'erie/parall\*`ele\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ convertidor serie/paralelo\fR 
.PP
A device which converts a sequence of signal elements into a
corresponding group of digits, all of which are presented
simultaneously.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1337
	\fB\(*m/A law converter\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ convertiseur loi \(*m/loi\ A\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ convertidor de ley \(*m/A\fR 
.PP
A unit or a function that changes digital signals encoded using
either \(*m or A\(hylaw encoding into the corresponding signal for the other.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1405
	\fBframe alignment\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ verrouillage de trame\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ alineaci\*'on de trama\fR 
.PP
The state in which the frame of the receiving equipment is
correctly phased with respect to that of the received signal.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1406
	\fBframe alignment signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal de verrouillage de trame\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de alineaci\*'on de trama\fR 
.PP
The distinctive signal used to secure frame alignment; this signal does 
not necessarily occur, in whole or in part, in each frame. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1407
	\fBbunched frame alignment signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal de verrouillage de trame concentr\*'e\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de alineaci\*'on de trama concentrada\fR 
.PP
A frame alignment signal in which the signal elements occupy
consecutive digit time slots.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1408
	\fBdistributed frame alignment signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal de verrouillage de trame r\*'eparti\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de alineaci\*'on de trama distribuida\fR 
.PP
A frame alignment signal in which the signal elements occupy
non\(hyconsecutive digit time slots.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1409
	\fBframe alignment recovery time\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ temps de reprise du verrouillage de trame\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ tiempo de recuperaci\*'on de la alineaci\*'on de trama\fR 
.PP
The time that elapses between a valid frame alignment signal being available 
at the receive terminal equipment and frame alignment being 
established.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The frame alignment recovery time includes the time
required for replicated verification of the validity of the frame alignment
signal.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1410
	\fBout\(hyof\(hyframe alignment time\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ dur\*'ee de perte du verrouillage de trame\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ duraci\*'on de la p\*'erdida de alineaci\*'on de trama\fR 
.PP
The time during which frame alignment is effectively lost. That
time will include the time to detect loss of frame alignment and the alignment 
recovery time. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1414
	\fBtime slot\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ intervalle de temps\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ intervalo de tiempo\fR 
.PP
Any cyclic time interval that can be recognized and defined
uniquely.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1415
	\fBchannel time slot\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ intervalle de temps de voie\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ intervalo de tiempo de canal\fR 
.PP
A time slot starting at a particular phase in a frame and
allocated to a channel for transmitting a character signal and possibly 
in\(hyslot signalling or other information. 
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Where appropriate a description may be added, for example
\*Qtelephone channel time slot\*U.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1416
	\fBsignalling time slot\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ intervalle de temps de signalisation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ intervalo de tiempo de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A time slot starting at a particular phase in each frame and
allocated to the transmission of signalling.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1417
	\fBframe alignment time slot\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ intervalle de temps de verrouillage de trame\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ intervalo de tiempo de alineaci\*'on de trama\fR 
.PP
A time slot starting at a particular phase in each frame and
allocated to the transmission of a frame alignment signal.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1418
	\fBdigit time slot\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ intervalle de temps pour \*'el\*'ement num\*'erique\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ intervalo de tiempo de d\*'igito\fR 
.PP
A time slot allocated to a single digit.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1419
	\fBbit integrity\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ integrit\*'e des bits\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ integridad de los bits; integridad de la secuencia de bits\fR 
.PP
Exists when the values of the bits in each octet of a digital bit stream 
at the output of a device or system are unchanged from those at the 
input.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Digital processing devices such as A/\(*m law converters, 
echo suppressors and digital pads must be disabled to provide bit integrity. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1420
	\fBoctet sequence integrity\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ integrit\*'e de la suite des octets\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ integridad de la secuencia de octetos\fR 
.PP
The property of a digital transmission channel, telecommunication circuit 
or connection that permits a digital signal to be conveyed over it 
without change to the order of any octets.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1421
	\fBtime slot sequence integrity\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ int\*'egrit\*'e de la s\*'equence des intervalles de temps\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ integridad de la secuencia de intervalos de tiempo\fR 
.PP
The assurance that the digital information contained in the \fIn\fR time 
slots of a multislot connection arrives at the output (or terminal) in 
the same sequence as it was introduced. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1422
	\fBtime slot interchange\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ \*'echange entre intervalles de temps\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ intercambio de intervalos de tiempo\fR 
.PP
The transfer of information from one time slot to another between incoming 
and outgoing time division highways. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1425
	\fBretiming\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'eajustement du rythme\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ reajuste de la temporizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
Adjustment of the intervals between corresponding significant
instants of a digital signal, by reference to a timing signal.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1426
	\fBtiming recovery (timing extraction)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'ecup\*'eration du rythme\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ recuperaci\*'on de la temporizaci\*'on (extracci\*'on de la\fR 
\fItemporizaci\*'on)\fR 
.PP
The derivation of a timing signal from a received signal.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1428
	\fBbit timing\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ rythme des bits\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ temporizaci\*'on de los bits\fR 
.PP
Timing information sent from the Exchange Termination used by the Line 
Termination to recover information from the digital bit stream. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
In the definitions, \*Qsignal\*U is taken with the general
meaning of Definition\ 02.27. For information, Definition\ 02.27 is reproduced
below:
02.27 \fBsignal\fR (general sense)
Aggregate of waves propagated along a transmission channel and intended 
to act on a receiving unit. 
.FE
1430
	\fBsynchronous\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ synchrone\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ s\*'incrono\fR 
.PP
Signals
are synchronous if their corresponding
significant instants have a desired phase relationship with each other.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1431
	\fBsynchronization\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ synchronisation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ sincronizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
The process of adjusting the corresponding significant instants of signals
to make them synchronous.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1434
	\fBplesiochronous\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ pl\*'esiochrone\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ plesi\*'ocrono\fR 
.PP
Signals
are plesiochronous if their corresponding
significant instants occur at nominally the same rate, any variation in rate
being constrained within specified limits.
.PP
In these definitions \*Qclock\*U is taken with the general
meaning of Definition\ 51.10 and it is assumed that where replicated
sources are used for security reasons, the assembly of these is regarded
as being a single clock.
For information, Definition 51.10 is reproduced below:
51.10\ \fBclock\fR Equipment providing a time base used in a transmission 
system to control 
the timing of certain functions such as the control of the duration of
signal elements, the sampling,\ etc.
.FE
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ Two signals having the same nominal digit rate, but not
stemming from the same clock
or homochronous clocks, are usually
plesiochronous.
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ There is no limit to the phase relationship between
corresponding significant instants.
.RT
.LP
.sp 1
.bp
.sp 1P
.LP
1446
	\fBsynchronized network\fR [synchronous network]
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'eseau synchronis\*'e\fR  | [r\*'eseau synchrone]
.LP
	\fIS:\ red sincronizada\fR  | [red s\*'incrona]
.PP
A network in which the corresponding significant instants of
nominated signals are adjusted to make them synchronous.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Ideally the signals are synchronous, but they may be
mesochronous in practice. By common usage such mesochronous networks are
frequently described as synchronized.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1447
	\fBnonsynchronized network\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'eseau non synchronis\*'e\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ red no sincronizada\fR 
.PP
A network in which the corresponding significant instants of
signals need not be synchronized or mesochronous.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1450
	\fBhierarchic (mutually synchronized) network\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'eseau hi\*'erarchis\*'e (\*`a synchronisation mutuelle)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ red jer\*'arquica (mutuamente sincronizada)\fR 
.PP
A mutually synchronized system in which some
clocks
exert more control than others, the network operating frequency
being a weighted mean of the natural frequencies of the population of
clocks.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1505
	\fBtransmission delay\fR (through a digital exchange)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ temps de transmission\fR  | (dans un central num\*'erique)
.LP
	\fIS:\ tiempo de transmisi\*'on\fR  | (a trav\*'es de una central digital)
.PP
The sum of the times necessary for an octet to pass in both
directions on a connection through a digital exchange due to buffering, 
frame alignment and time\(hyslot interchange functions for digital\(hyto\(hydigital 
connections and in addition, for analogue\(hyto\(hyanalogue connections, 
to the A/D conversions. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1506
	\fBswitching delay (processing (handling) time)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ temps de commutation (temps de traitement)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ tiempo de conmutaci\*'on (tiempo de proceso (tratamiento))\fR 
.PP
The interval of time attributable to the functions performed in a switching 
exchange in the process of setting up a call. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1507
	\fBincoming response delay\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ temps de r\*'eponse \*`a la prise d'un circuit d'arriv\*'ee\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ duraci\*'on de la preselecci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A characteristic that is applicable where channel associated
signalling is used. It is defined as the interval from the instant an incoming 
circuit seizure signal is recognizable until a proceed\(hyto\(hysend signal 
is sent backwards by the exchange. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1508
	\fBexchange call set\(hyup delay\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ temps d'\*'etablissement de la communication dans le central\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ tiempo de establecimiento de la comunicaci\*'on por una central\fR 
.PP
The interval from the instant when the digits required for setting up a 
call are available in the exchange or the address information is received 
at the incoming signalling data transmission control of the exchange to 
the 
instant when the seizing signal is sent to the subsequent exchange or the
corresponding address information is sent from the outgoing signalling data
transmission control.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1510
	\fBthrough\(hyconnection delay\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ temps de transfert\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ demora de transconexi\*'on; tiempo de transferencia de la central\fR 
.PP
The interval from the instant at which the information required
for setting up a through\(hyconnection in an exchange is available for 
processing in the exchange to the instant that the switching network through\(hyconnection 
is established and available for carrying traffic between the incoming 
and 
outgoing 64\(hykbit/s circuits.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1512
	\fBexchange call\(hyrelease delay\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ temps de lib\*'eration de la communication par le central\fR 
.LP
	 \fIS:\ tiempo de liberaci\*'on de la comunicaci\*'on (llamada) por una 
central\fR 
.PP
Exchange call release delay is the interval from the instant at
which the last information required for releasing a call in an exchange is
available for processing in the exchange to the instant that the switching
network through\(hyconnection is no longer available between the incoming and
outgoing 64\(hykbit/s circuits and the disconnection signal is sent to the
subsequent exchange. This interval does not include the time taken to detect
the release signal, which might become significant during certain failure
conditions, e.g.\ transmission system failures.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1514
	\fBpost\(hydialling delay\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ d\*'elai d'attente apr\*`es num\*'erotation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ periodo de espera despu\*'es de marcar\fR 
.PP
Time interval between the end of dialling by the subscriber and
the reception by him of the appropriate tone or recorded announcement, 
or the abandon of the call without tone. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1517
	\fBengineered exchange capacity\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ capacit\*'e dimensionn\*'ee de commutateur\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ capacidad de la central establecida en el dise\o"n~"o\fR 
.PP
The maximum traffic load that an exchange can handle while meeting specified 
performance requirements, and performing all normal operational and administrative 
functions, without entering into an overload condition. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1520
	\fBoverload\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ surcharge\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ sobrecarga\fR 
.PP
That part of the total load offered to an exchange in excess of
the engineered exchange capacity.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1551
	\fBbasic access (ISDN basic access)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ acc\*`es de base (acc\*`es de base RNIS)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ acceso b\*'asico (acceso b\*'asico RDSI)\fR 
.PP
A user\(hynetwork access arrangement that corresponds to the
interface structure composed of two B\(hychannels and one D\(hychannel. 
The bit rate of the D\(hychannel for this type of access is 16\ kbit/s. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1552
	\fBprimary rate access\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ acc\*`es au d\*'ebit primaire\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ acceso a velocidad primaria\fR 
.PP
A user\(hynetwork access arrangement that corresponds to the primary rates 
of 1544\ kbit/s and 2048\ kbit/s. The bit rate of the D\(hychannel for 
this 
type of access is 64\ kbit/s.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1560
	\fBreference point\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ point de r\*'ef\*'erence\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ punto de referencia\fR 
.PP
A conceptual point at the conjunction of two non\(hyoverlapping
functional groups.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Each reference point is assigned a prefix letter, for
example: T reference point.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1561
	\fBV\(hyinterface\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ interface V\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ interfaz V\fR 
.PP
A digtal exchange interface for subscriber access which coincides with 
the V\ reference point. 
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ A specific V interface is denoted by a suffix number.
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The V interfaces are internal network interfaces.
.RT
.LP
\fB2\fR 	\fBSignalling functions and techniques\fR 
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
2.0
	\fIBasic signalling terms and techniques\fR 
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2001
	\fBsignalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR \v'3p'
.LP
	a)
	The exchange of information (other than by
speech) specifically concerned with the establishment, release
and other control of calls, and network management, in automatic
telecommunications operation.
.LP
	b)
	A qualification implying an action as defined above,
e.g.:
.LP
	signalling channel
	signalling procedure
.LP
	signalling equipment
	signalling relation
.LP
	signalling information
	signalling route
.LP
	signalling link
	signalling system
.LP
	signalling message
	signalling time slot
.sp 1P
.LP
2004
	\fBspeech digit signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation par \*'el\*'ements num\*'eriques vocaux\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on por d\*'igitos de conversaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A type of channel\(hyassociated signalling in which digit time
slots primarily used for the transmission of encoded speech are periodically
used for signalling.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2005
	\fBin\(hyslot signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation dans l'intervalle de temps\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on dentro del intervalo\fR 
.PP
Signalling associated with a channel and transmitted in a digit
time slot permanently (or periodically) allocated in the channel time
slot.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2006
	\fBout\(hyslot signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation hors intervalle de temps\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on fuera del intervalo\fR 
.PP
Signalling associated with a channel but transmitted in one or
more separate digit time slots not within the channel time slot.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2008
	\fBcommon channel signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	 \fIF:\ signalisation sur voie commune (signalisation par canal s\*'emaphore)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on por canal com\*'un\fR 
.PP
A signalling technique in which signalling information relating to a multiplicity 
of circuits, and other information such as that used for network management, 
is conveyed over a single channel by addressed messages. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2009
	\fBchannel associated signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation voie par voie\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on asociada al canal\fR 
.PP
A signalling method in which the signals necessary for the traffic carried 
by a single channel are transmitted in the channel itself or in a 
signalling channel permanently dedicated to it.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2010
	\fBin\(hyband signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation dans la bande\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on dentro de banda\fR 
.PP
A signalling method in which signals are sent over the same
transmission channel or circuit as the user's communication and in the same
frequency band as that provided for the users.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2011
	\fBout\(hyband signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation hors bande\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on fuera de banda\fR 
.PP
A signalling method in which signals are sent over the same
transmission channel or circuit as the user's communication but in a different 
frequency band from that provided for the users. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2012
	\fBline signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation de ligne\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on de l\*'inea\fR 
.PP
A signalling method in which signals are transmitted between
equipments which terminate and continuously monitor part or all of the 
traffic circuit. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2013
	\fBregister signalling\fR (Signalling System R1)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation entre enregistreurs\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on entre registradores\fR 
.PP
Link\(hyby\(hylink multifrequency (MF) in\(hyband pulse signalling is used 
for the transmission of address information. The signalling frequencies 
are 
700\ Hz to 1700\ Hz, in 200\ Hz steps, and combinations of two, and two only,
determine the signal. The address information is preceded by a KP signal
(start\(hyof\(hypulsing) and terminated by an ST signal (end\(hyof\(hypulsing). 
Either en bloc, or en bloc overlap, or overlap sending may apply. This 
register 
signalling arrangement is used extensively with other in\(hyband and out\(hyband 
line signalling systems. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2014
	\fBlink\(hyby\(hylink signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation section par section\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on enlace por enlace\fR 
.PP
A signalling method in which signals are transmitted one link at a time 
in a multi\(hylink connection and requiring processing at each intermediate 
switching point for subsequent transmission. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2015
	\fBlink\(hyby\(hylink signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation section par section\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on enlace por enlace\fR 
.PP
A procedure for the exchange of signalling information directly
between two signalling points that are either directly connected or
via signalling transfer points.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2017
	\fBend\(hyto\(hyend signalling\fR (general sense)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation de bout en bout\fR  | (sens g\*'en\*'eral)
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on de extremo a extremo\fR  | (sentido general)
.PP
A signalling method in which signals are transmitted from one end of a 
multi\(hylink connection to the other end where processing of these signals 
is required. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2018
	\fBend\(hyto\(hyend signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation de bout en bout\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on de extremo a extremo\fR 
.PP
The capability to transfer signalling information of end point
significance directly between signalling end points in order to provide a
requesting user with a basic or supplementary service.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2019
	\fBend\(hyto\(hyend signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation de bout en bout\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on de extremo a extremo\fR 
.PP
A procedure for the exchange of signalling information directly
between signalling entities in an originating exchange and a destination
exchange for purposes of supporting certain user services.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2020
	\fBpass along method\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ m\*'ethode du \*Qfaire passer\*U\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ m\*'etodo de paso de largo\fR 
.PP
A method for transporting signalling messages, whereby the
signalling information is sent along the signalling path of a previously
established physical connection.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2021
	\fBsignalling system\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ syst\*`eme de signalisation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ sistema de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
The procedures for the interpretation and use of a repertoire of signals 
together with the hardware and/or software needed for the generation, transmission, 
and reception of these signals. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2022
	\fBen\(hybloc signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation \*Qen bloc\*U\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on en bloque\fR 
.PP
A signalling method in which the address digits are assembled into one 
block for onward transmission, the block containing all of the address 
information necessary to route the call to its destination.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2023
	\fBcompelled signalling\fR (general sense)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation asservie\fR  | (sens g\*'en\*'eral)
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on de secuencia obligada\fR  | (sentido general)
.PP
A signalling method in which, after one signal (or message) has
been sent, the sending of any further signals (or messages) in the same
direction is inhibited until the signal sent has been acknowledged in the
opposite direction by the receiving terminal and the acknowledgement has 
been received. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2024
	\fBcompelled signalling (fully compelled; continuous compelled)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation asservie (enti\*`erement asservie;\fR 
\fIcontinuellement asservie)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on de secuencia obligada (totalmente\fR 
\fIobligada; continuamente obligada)\fR 
.PP
A signalling method in which the signal to be transmitted as
applied continuously until acknowledged or until a timeout occurs. Upon
recognition of the initial signal, the acknowledgement signal is applied
continuously until the cessation of the initial signal or until a timeout
occurs. The cessation of the aknowledgement signal may provoke the beginning 
of the next subsequent compelled cycle. In addition to the acknowledgement, 
the 
acknowledgement signal may carry other signalling information (e.g.\ concerning 
the next cycle). 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2025
	\fBoverlap address signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation d'adresse \*`a recouvrement\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on de direcci\*'on con superposici\*'on\fR 
.PP
A signalling method in which the onward transmission of address
signals from a switching centre may commence before the reception of all the
address signals over the preceding link has been completed.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2026
	\fBoverlap line signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation de ligne \*`a recouvrement\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on de l\*'inea con superposici\*'on\fR 
.PP
A signalling method in which the onward transmission of a line
signal from a switching centre may commence before the recognition time 
of the line signal being received expires. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2030
	\fBdirect current signalling (d.c. signalling)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation en courant continu\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on en corriente continua (se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
\fIen c.c.)\fR 
.PP
A signalling method in which the signalling information may be
represented by controlling the direct current magnitude, polarity, and 
duration or a combination thereof. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2031
	\fBloop/disconnect signalling\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation par ouverture de boucle\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on por interrupci\*'on del bucle\fR 
.PP
A direct current signalling method in which the signals are
represented by the breaking of a loop circuit.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2032
	\fBalternating current signalling (a.c. signalling)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation en courant alternatif\fR 
.LP
	 \fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on en corriente alterna (se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on 
en c.a.)\fR 
.PP
A signalling method in which the signalling information is
represented by means of pulsed alternating current having a frequency below 
the telephone speech band. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2033
	\fBvoice\(hyfrequency signalling (VF signalling)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation \*`a fr\*'equences vocales\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on en frecuencia vocal (se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on FV)\fR 
.PP
A signalling method in which the signalling information is based on the 
use of currents which have frequencies within the telephone speech 
band.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2034
	\fBmulti\(hyfrequency code signalling (MFC signalling)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signalisation multifr\*'equences (signalisation MF)\fR 
.LP
	 \fIS:\ se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on en c\*'odigo multifrecuencia\fR \fI(se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on 
CMF)\fR 
.PP
A voice\(hyfrequency signalling method in which the signalling
information is represented by compound signals, each consisting of
\fIn\fR \ frequencies from a set of \fIm\fR \ frequencies.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2038
	\fBdual seizure\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ prise simultan\*'ee\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ doble toma; toma simult\*'anea\fR 
.PP
The condition which occurs when in bothway operation two exchanges attempt 
to seize the same circuit at approximately the same time. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2039
	\fBinterruption control\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ contr\* | le d'interruption\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ protecci\*'on contra las interrupciones\fR 
.PP
A system which monitors a pilot for interruptions on FDM systems and which 
transmits an indication to the swiching equipment. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2040
	\fBsignal spillover\fR (in VF signalling)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ partie d\*'ebordante d'un signal\fR  | (dans un syst\*`eme de
signalisation \*`a fr\*'equences vocales)
.LP
	\fIS:\ rebasamiento de se\o"n~"al\fR  | (en se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on FV)
.PP
That part of a VF signal which passes in band from one link to the other 
in a multi\(hylink connection before the connection between the links has 
been split at the incoming end.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2041
	\fBsignal imitation\fR (in VF signalling)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ imitation de signaux\fR  | (dans un syst\*`eme de signalisation
\*`a fr\*'equences vocales)
.LP
	\fIS:\ imitaci\*'on de se\o"n~"al\fR  | (en se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on FV)
.PP
An unwanted signal produced within the signalling band by speech or other 
currents which are not genuine signals causing the response of a 
signal receiver.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2042
	\fBguarding\fR (in VF signalling)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ protection\fR  | (dans un syst\*`eme de signalisation \*`a
fr\*'equences vocales)
.LP
	\fIS:\ guarda\fR  | (en se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on FV)
.PP
Rendering ineffective the signal imitation by recognizing the
simultaneous presence of frequencies outside the signalling band.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2043
	\fBsplitting\fR (in VF signalling)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ coupure\fR  | (dans un syst\*`eme de signalisation \*`a fr\*'equences
vocales)
.LP
	\fIS:\ desprendimiento\fR  | (en se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on FV)
.PP
A switching function which provides disconnection or isolation of that 
part of a channel which: 
.RT
.LP
	\(em
	preceeds the point where the signalling frequency(ies)
is(are) injected;
.LP
	\(em
	succeeds the point where the signal receiver is
connected.
.PP
Splitting when receiving a signal prevents false operation of
signalling equipment by signal reflections and signal spill\(hyover.
.PP
Splitting when sending a signal prevents interference from a preceding 
circuit or near\(hyend equipment. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2050
	\fBsignalling information\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ information de signalisation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ informaci\*'on de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
The information content of a signal or a signalling message.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2051
	\fBaddress\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ adresse\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ direcci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A name which indicates the source or destination of an intended
instance of communication.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2052
	\fBband number\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ num\*'ero de bande\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ n\*'umero de banda\fR 
.PP
A subdivision of the address label, containing the most
significant bits, used for routing the signal message and possibly for
identifying the circuit group containing the traffic circuit concerned.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2053
	\fBaddress signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal d'adresse\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de direcci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A signal containing one element of the part of the selection
signals which indicate the destination of a call initiated by a customer,
network facility,\ etc.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2054
	\fBaddress signal complete\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal d'adresse complet\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de direcci\*'on completa\fR 
.PP
A signal sent in the backward direction indicating that signals
required for routing the call to the called party have been received and 
that no called party's line condition signals will be sent. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2055
	\fBaddress\(hyincomplete signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal d'adresse incomplet\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de direcci\*'on incompleta\fR 
.PP
A signal sent in the backward direction indicating that the number of address 
signals received is not sufficient for setting up the 
call.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2056
	\fBend\(hyof\(hypulsing (ST) signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal de fin de num\*'erotation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de fin de numeraci\*'on (SFN)\fR 
.PP
An address signal sent in the forward direction indicating that
there are no more address signals to follow.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2057
	\fBcall\(hyfailure signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal d'\*'echec de l'appel\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de llamada infructuosa\fR 
.PP
A signal sent in the backward direction indicating the failure of a call 
set\(hyup attempt due to the lapse of a time\(hyout or a fault not covered 
by specific signals. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2058
	\fBringing tone; ringback tone\fR (USA)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ tonalit\*'e de retour d'appel\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ tono de llamada\fR 
.PP
A tone which indicates that the ringing function is being applied at the 
called end. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2059
	\fBrelease\(hyguard signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal de lib\*'eration de garde\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de liberaci\*'on de guarda\fR 
.PP
A signal sent in the backward direction in response to the
clear\(hyforward signal when the circuit concerned is brought into the idle
condition.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2060
	\fBclear\(hyforward signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal de fin\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de fin (desconexi\*'on)\fR 
.PP
A signal sent in the forward direction to terminate the call or
call attempt and release the circuit concerned. This signal is normally sent
when the calling party clears.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2061
	\fBclear\(hyback signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal de raccrochage\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de colgar\fR 
.PP
A signal sent in the backward direction indicating that the called party 
has cleared. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2062
	\fBconfusion signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal de confusion\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de confusi\*'on\fR 
.PP
A signal sent in the backward direction indicating that an
exchange is unable to act upon a message received from the preceding exchange 
because the message is considered unreasonable. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2070
	\fBmessage\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ message\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ mensaje\fR 
.PP
An assembly of information within a protocol transferred as an
entity in a telecommunication process.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Specific qualifiers may be used to indicate a particular
application, e.g.,\ alarm, message.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2071
	\fBsignalling message\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ message (de signalisation)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ mensaje de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
An assembly of signalling information pertaining to a call,
management transaction,\ etc., comprising also elements for delimitation,
sequencing and error control, that is transferred as an entity.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2074
	\fBoptional part\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ partie facultative\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ parte facultativa; parte opcional\fR 
.PP
Part of a message that contains parameters that may not occur in any particular 
message type. 
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Other qualifiers may be used in specific applications, for
example, mandatory part.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2080
	\fBinitial address message (IAM)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ message initial d'adresse (MIA)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ mensaje inicial de direcci\*'on (MID)\fR 
.PP
A type of message sent in the forward direction at call set\(hyup. It contains 
address information and other information relating to the routing and handling 
of the call. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
	\fBinitial address message with additional information (IAI)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ message initial d'adresse avec informations suppl\*'ementaires\fR 
\fI(IAI)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ mensaje inicial de direcci\*'on con informaci\*'on adicional\fR 
\fI(MII)\fR 
.PP
A type of message sent first in the forward direction at call
set\(hyup. It contains address, routing and handling information, such 
as charging and supplementary services information to be used in the call 
set\(hyup 
procedures.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2081
	\fBsubsequent address message (SAM)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ message subs\*'equent d'adresse (MSA)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ mensaje subsiguiente de direcci\*'on (MSD)\fR 
.PP
A type of message sent in the forward direction subsequent to the initial 
address message and containing further address information. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2082
	\fBsubsequent address message with one signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ message subs\*'equent d'adresse \*`a un seul signal\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ mensaje subsiguiente de direcci\*'on con una se\o"n~"al\fR 
.PP
A type of message sent in the forward direction subsequent to the initial 
address message or to the subsequent address message and containing 
only one address signal.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2083
	\fBNSAP address (OSI\(hy)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ adresse NSAP (OSI)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ direcci\*'on PASR (de la ISA)\fR 
.PP
A global address as defined for OSI which is understandable over any network 
and can be used to address between networks. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2084
	\fBaddress complete (network)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ adresse compl\*`ete (r\*'eseau)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ direcci\*'on completa (red)\fR 
.PP
A message sent in the backward direction indicating that all the address 
(number) signals required by the network for routing the call to the 
called party have been received.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2085
	\fBaddress complete (alerting)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ adresse compl\*`ete (alerte)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ direcci\*'on completa (aviso)\fR 
.PP
A message sent in the backward direction indicating that all the address 
signals required for routing the call to the called party have been 
received and that the called party is being alerted.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2086
	\fBconnect message\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ message de connexion\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ mensaje de conexi\*'on\fR 
.PP
A message sent in the backward direction indicating that
all the address signals required for routing the call to the called party 
have been received, and that the called party has answered. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2087
	\fBcontinuity check message\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ message de contr\* | le de continuit\*'e\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ mensaje de prueba de continuidad\fR 
.PP
A type of message containing a continuity signal or a
continuity\(hyfailure signal.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2088
	\fBend\(hyof\(hyselection signal\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ signal de fin de s\*'election\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ se\o"n~"al de fin de selecci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A signal sent in the backward direction indicating the
successful completion or unsuccessful termination of the call set\(hyup 
process, and which may contain information or the called party's line condition. 
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The functions of this signal in Signalling System No. 
7 are provided by the Address Complete message, and the Unsuccessful Call 
Set\(hyup 
message.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2089
	\fBdelayed release message (DRS)\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ message de lib\*'eration retard\*'ee (MLR)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ mensaje de liberaci\*'on diferida (LID)\fR 
.PP
A message sent in either direction, generated by the network, in response 
to a request to release a call, if the network is applying a hold 
condition to the connection.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2090
	\fBmessage sequencing\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ mise en s\*'equence des messages\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ secuenciaci\*'on de mensajes\fR 
.PP
The procedures for ensuring that received messages are processed in the 
correct order. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2091
	\fBunreasonable message\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ message inattendu\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ mensaje irrazonable (o irracional)\fR 
.PP
A message with an inappropriate signal content, an incorrect
signal direction, or an inappropriate place in the message
sequence.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2092
	\fBreasonableness check\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ contr\* | le de vraisemblance\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ prueba de racionabilidad (o de racionalidad)\fR 
.PP
A procedure for verfifying whether the signalling information of a received 
signal message is reasonable in relation to the sequence of previously 
received signal messages for that circuit. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2093
	\fBcall spill\(hyover\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ empi\*'etement de communications\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ rebasamiento de llamada\fR 
.PP
Receipt of an abnormally delayed signalling message from a
previous call at a switching centre whilst a new call is being set up on 
that circuit. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2094
	\fBtransaction\fR (in signalling applications)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ transaction\fR  | (dans les applications de signalisation)
.LP
	\fIS:\ transacci\*'on\fR  | (en aplicaciones de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on)
.PP
An interchange of enquiry and response messages between signalling points 
that transfers information. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2095
	\fBenquiry\fR (in a transaction)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ demande\fR  | (dans une transaction)
.LP
	\fIS:\ averiguaci\*'on; indagaci\*'on\fR  | (en una transacci\*'on)
.PP
A signal or signals (possibly sent as a sequence of messages)
requesting specific information.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2096
	\fBresponse\fR (in a transaction)
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'eponse\fR  | (dans une transaction)
.LP
	\fIS:\ respuesta\fR  | (en una transacci\*'on)
.PP
A signal or signals (possibly sent as a sequence of messages)
containing information requested by an enquiry.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
2.1
	\fIStructure and generic applications\fR 
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2101
	\fBmessage transfer part\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ sous\(hysyst\*`eme Transport de Messages\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ parte (de) transferencia de mensajes\fR 
.PP
The functional part of a common channel signalling system which
transfers signal messages as required by all the users, and which performs 
the necessary subsidiary functions, for example error control and signalling 
security.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2102
	\fBuser part\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ sous\(hysyst\*`eme Utilisateur\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ parte (de) usuario\fR 
.PP
A functional part of the common channel signalling system which
transfers signalling messages via the message transfer part. Different 
types of user parts exist (e.g. for telephone and data services), each 
of which is 
specific to a particular use of the signalling system.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2103
	\fBsignalling network\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'eseau de signalisation\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ red de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A network used for signalling and consisting of signalling points and connecting 
signalling links. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2104
	\fBsignalling network\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ r\*'eseau s\*'emaphore\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ red de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A network used for transfer of signalling messages and consisting of signalling 
points and connecting common channel signalling links. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2106
	\fBsignalling point\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ point s\*'emaphore\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ punto de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A node in a signalling network which either originates and
receives signal messages, or transfers signal messages from one signalling 
link to another, or both. 
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Signalling point may be qualified by a prefix, such as
International, to denote a specific application.
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2107
	\fB(signalling) originating point\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ point s\*'emaphore d'origine\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ punto de origen (de la se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on)\fR 
.PP
A signalling point in which a message is generated.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2109
	\fB(signalling) destination point\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ point s\*'emaphore de destination\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ punto de destino (de la se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on)\fR 
.PP
A signalling point to which a message is destined.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2110
	\fBadjacent signalling points\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ points s\*'emaphores adjacents\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ puntos de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on adyacentes\fR 
.PP
Two signalling points that are directly interconnected by
one or more signalling links.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2111
	\fBconnection end\(hypoint\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ point terminal de connexion\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ punto extremo de conexi\*'on\fR 
.PP
A signalling point which may be either originating or
destination.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2112
	\fBsignalling point numbering plan\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ plan de num\*'erotage des points s\*'emaphores\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ plan de numeraci\*'on de puntos de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A formal description of the method of translating end\(hyuser
provided address information into an address understandable by the signalling 
network. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2113
	\fBsignalling point restart\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ red\*'emarrage d'un point s\*'emaphore\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ rearranque de punto de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A procedure that allows a graceful increase of traffic to a
restarting node.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2114
	\fBsignalling point code\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ code d'un point s\*'emaphore\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ c\*'odigo de punto de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A binary code uniquely identifying a signalling point in a
signalling network. This code is used, according to its position in the 
label, either as destination point code or as originating point code. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2116
	\fBsignalling link\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ canal s\*'emaphore (liaison de signalisation)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ enlace de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A transmission means which consists of a signalling data link and its transfer 
control functions, used for reliable transfer of signalling 
messages.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2117
	\fBunavailable signalling link\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ canal s\*'emaphore indisponible\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ enlace de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on indisponible\fR 
.PP
A signalling link which has been deactivated and cannot therefore carry 
signalling traffic. 
.bp
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2118
	\fBdata channel\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	\fIF:\ voie de donn\*'ees\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ canal de datos\fR 
.PP
A unidirectional transmission path for data, with transmission
terminal equipment at both ends.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2119
	\fBsignalling link group\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	 \fIF:\ faisceau de canaux s\*'emaphores (faisceau de liaisons de signalisation)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ haz de enlaces de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on\fR 
.PP
A set of signalling link(s) directly connecting two signalling
points, and having the same physical characteristics (e.g.,\ bit rate,
propagation delay,\ etc.).
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2120
	\fBregular signalling link\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	 \fIF:\ canal s\*'emaphore normal (liaison de signalisation r\*'eguli\*`ere)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ enlace de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on regular\fR 
.PP
The signalling link which normally carries some particular parcel of signalling 
traffic. 
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2121
	\fBreserve signalling link\fR 
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
	 \fIF:\ canal s\*'emaphore de secours (liaison de signalisation de r\*'eserve)\fR 
.LP
	\fIS:\ enlace de se\o"n~"alizaci\*'on de reserva\fR 
.PP
The signalling link which can be used to carry all, or part of,
the signalling traffic of a regular signalling link when the latter has 
failed or has been withdrawn from service. 
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 29P
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBMONTAGE: \(sc 2122 SUR LE RESTE DE CETTE PAGE\fR 
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.bp